Francisco Goya moved from tapestry designs and court portraits to radical prints and haunting late paintings that exposed superstition, war and human fragility.
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The Museum of Romanticism in Madrid brings painting, literature, music, furniture and private life together inside a carefully interpreted historic residence.
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Paul Cezanne rebuilt landscape, still life and the human figure through colour relationships and shifting viewpoints, laying crucial foundations for modern art.
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David Levine made editorial caricature an exacting form of criticism, using economical lines and incisive distortions to question political and cultural authority.
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Paul Klee united music, natural processes, humour and formal analysis in paintings and drawings that continue to shape modern art and creative education.
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Research led by Ruth Shady at Caral revealed a vast early urban centre whose monuments, economy and ritual life transformed the chronology of the ancient Americas.
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Truman Capote joined lyrical fiction, social observation and documentary research in a career whose brilliance and ethical tensions remain intensely debated.
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Mark Rothko transformed layered fields of colour into encounters with scale, light and fundamental emotion, resisting the idea that abstraction was merely decorative.
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Piet Mondrian moved from Dutch landscape to dynamic abstraction, using unequal grids, primary colour and open intervals to imagine universal visual harmony.
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